c) weather sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast Most of the water on Earth is found- in oceans Porosity- how much water soil can HOLD High porosity- materials that are well-sorted and round Low Porosity- Materials that are mixed and regular Permeability- how easily water can flow or pass through rock or soil Lowest permeability rock- Shale, silt, clay Aquifer- rock that contains groundwater . a) burial and tectonic forces The speed of flow in rocks is extremely slow in comparison with surface flow, even for rocks with high hydraulic conductivities. It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. a) the depth to which wave action extends e) none of the above, The deepest parts of the seafloor are e) reaction with acids from decaying plants, which of the following ism\ not a way to form layers in a sedimentary rock? c) seamounts e) both a and b, b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles, surface ocean currents circulate in ocean basins: e) Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessese, what are some ways that geology controls ecology? . Figure 14 Porosity in unconsolidated sediments ((a) to (c)): (a) is well sorted, having high porosity; (b) is poorly sorted having low porosity; (c) has angular grains and low porosity; and in consolidated rocks ((d) to (f)): (d) has porosity diminished by cementation; (e) has solution porosity as it has partially dissolved; (f) has fracture porosity. c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule For a rock to be permeable and for water to move through it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must be connected. c) Delaware, Maryland 3. landfills the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold: D. . c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment d) solidification and uplift, Of Earth's four overlapping spheres, which of the following does not involve material above Earth's surface? a) internal processes within the moon a) extreme heating of the seas near the equator If groundwater flows naturally out of rock materials or if it can be removed by pumping (in useful amounts), the rock materials are called aquifers. c) native minerals In a material that holds groundwater porosity A controls the amount of water. b) near magma but at deep levels d) all of the above 4. bringing contamination into previously uncontained wells, well ( from below the water table) c) uplift and unloading of pressure funnels, are the result of groundwater and seawater erosion as . b) the decay of creatures that float on the ocean surface and settle to the bottom c) oceanic trenches The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through an interconnected network of pores. d) volcanic activity releases Co2 and water vapor that can cause atmospheric warming d) deep trenches, A divergent plate boundary is most likely associated with a(n): d) all of these b) linear island chain b. HF\mathrm{HF}HF will have a lower vapor pressure at 50C-50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}50C than HBr\mathrm{HBr}HBr. Another type of secondary porosity is solution porosity, which develops where part of a rock has been dissolved, leaving open spaces (Figure 14e). d) 1 bill, which of the following is not a mineral? b) working of clasts by waves on a beach d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? c) carrying finer material, like dust and silt, in air currents b) ice and snow that exist throughout the entire year a) Asia rifted apart form Europe e) change their mineralogy, a) smaller and rounder as they are transported, When a plate boundary changes its orientation, it can change from: when groundwater is extracted (overpumping) and the grains are compacted to fill the empty space . a) bouncing sound waves from a ship off the bottom d) the abundance of ice in the north and south polar regions, c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule, Vertical intrusions are refereed to as? a) ductile behavior b) variations in thickness of slope What is a main way surface waters become groundwater? b) the dissolved and suspended load of a river b) 100 meters b) oil and gas Groundwater flows at right angles to the equipotential lines in the same way that water flowing down a slope would flow at right angles to the contour lines. b) the crust is thicker b) for the parent atoms to decay into atoms half their original size Tens to thousands of cubic meters of earth materials are often sampled during field-scale tests. e) none of the above, b) the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor, which of the following types of faults does not generate earthquakes? 2. subsidence and compaction of the aquifer Groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water. a) normal a) elevation of the land surface near the shore The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge. a) along the equator An aquifer is defined as a body of rock or unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow through it. c) how close the river is to the ocean Why is it important to know about porosity and permeability? a) salty water moving through the deep parts of the crust a) as small clay minerals that are deposited in lakes and the sea e) all of the above are involved, what is the ultimate source of food for animals living around deep-sea hydrothermal vents? d) thousands of isotopic ages measured by different methods a) atmosphere c) huge shield volcano a) bouncing sand grains along the surface Porosity is the amount (or volume) of void in a rock compared to the total amount of the rock. c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms d) sand with well rounded grains, which of the following materials has high porosity and high permeability? This process permanently decreases the ability of the area to hold groundwater. It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil into the groundwater system, where it eventually makes its way back to surface streams, lakes, or oceans. Porosity is the amount of pore space that is between particles in soil or rocks. a) mid-ocean ridge The porosity will vary with grain size in the following ways: a.For unconsolidated sediments, the larger the grain size, the lower the porosity (Table 1). e) shallow, clear waters off Iceland, which of the following can we understand by studying sedimentary rocks? with a depth of 150 mm = 0.150 m and a surface area of 1 m 2 ). c) in the southern hemisphere b) they can be buried and decay, leaving a cavity in the rock a) mountain ranges intercept wind and water affecting rainfall amounts 3. b.Porosity is greater in well-sorted sediments, because the pore spaces are not filled by smaller grains. Take a look at all Open University courses. c) dunes formed by wind The porosity is also lower if the sediment is poorly sorted, because small grains can occupy the spaces between larger grains (Figure 14b). e) the ash and pumice were hot and became compared, Which of the following is the best example of heat transfer by conduction? d) the rock cooled slowly One type of secondary porosity is fracture porosity, caused by cracks in rocks (Figure 14f). d) the # of protons and neutrons, Orange County receives most of its drinking water from? 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Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) wells are part of a system to take surplus fresh surface water, treat it as required for permit compliance, and then store it in the Floridan Aquifer System (FAS) for subsequent recovery during dry periods. The initial porosity of carbonate rock significantly affected the increase in dissolution-induced porosity. The outflow maybe into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc. What does the porosity of a material depend on? The point at which matric forces hold water too tightly for plant extraction (-1.5 MPa) is termed the permanent wilting point. In broad terms, how does porosity vary with the grain size of (a) unconsolidated sediments and (b) consolidated sediments? More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress b) quartz does not weather and so it keeps the granite from weathering Sediments decrease in porosity as the angularity of the grains increases because the grains can pack more closely together, the bumps of some grains fitting into indentations in others (Figure 14c). Groundwater exists everywhere there is porosity. c) medium grained granite What Is Porosity And How Is It Related To Permeability? b) a line that represents continuous points of equal elevation, Which of the following is the Principle of uniformitarianism? d) heating occurs in deserts of the American Southwest during summer time a) there was a lot of gas in the magma Follow the instructions listed in the video and answer the following questions: Each arrow in Figure 2 represents a process or flow of the hydrologic cycle. -the permeability of the aquifer d) in the subtropics e) all of the above are common in deserts, e) all of the above are common in deserts, which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect the climate? b) cattle ranching a fossils indicate that a sediment was deposited on land Even so, the packing arrangement will differ, and thus laboratory measurements using recompacted samples provide only approximations of the field effective porosity values. Porosity and Permeability. Groundwater separated from atmospheric pressure by relatively impermeable material is termed confined groundwater . d) hydrolysis c) a longshore current d) for the sun to decay its size by 50 percent, c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms, which of the following is not a way in which fossils can be preserved? For example, water falling on the Chilterns to the west of London will flow at a speed of 0.1 to 1 m s1 in a river, taking a few days to reach London. a) a spreading center to a transform fault e) none of the above, a) the depth to which wave action extends, which of the following can influence weather a shoreline gains or loses sand with time? e) both a and b, c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured, what is the common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time a) mid-ocean ridges b) water within the pan flows in a circular path c) the crust is stronger which type of map or diagram would best indicate would best elevation of the land surface? d) the velocity and turbulence of the current d) oceanic trenches c) the rock broke apart as it flowed b) leaves and other plant debris b) coarse granite mimics in a subdued way the topography of the earth's surface. d) a gradual change in the climate Porosity can be referred to or considered as the ability of the water to penetrate through the pores contained inside a rock, and the . 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